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Domain
Name Registries
Internet Dictionary
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Internet Glossary
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alias: A type of nickname used, for example, in
e-mail managers, so that you can enter "Ken at CDI" and your
e-mail manager knows you mean Info@Expedition.com.
An alias may also be used as part of a WWW address to a home page with
some types of accounts from the Internet Service Provider. By example,
where Online2000.net is
the domain name, an individual account may add an alias to reach a
particular home page such as SOHOInternational.com/Sturla.
anonymous FTP: An FTP service that serves any
user, not just those who have accounts at the site. Anonymous FTP
generally permits downloading of all files but uploading only into a
directory called "/incoming".
Archie: A search tool for finding files and
programs located on FTP servers. The Archie system is comprised of a
number of Archie servers located across the United States and the world.
Each Archie server indexes the files available on FTP servers in its
area. The Archie servers share their indexes with each other; thus, the
complete index is accessible from any of the servers. Archie servers can
be accessed via Telnet, e-mail or an Archie program.
ARPAnet: The predecessor to the Internet.
Developed by the U.S. Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects
Agency in the late 1960s, ARPAnet was an experimental network that
initially linked scientists engaged in defense research. ARPAnet was
intended to link together different computers in dispersed geographical
locations. The network was designed to survive breakdowns along any of
its connections by sending information as packets. If a connection broke
down, the packets could be automatically re-routed.
ASCII (pronounced AS-key): American Standard Code
for Information Exchange. Although now widely used to denote plain text
- that is, text without formatting and independent of any type font-
ASCII is actually a data code now used universally in communication
applications by minicomputers and personal computers to represent 128
possible character combinations, including upper- and lower-case letters
of the roman alphabet, the space character, the numerals 0 through 9,
punctuation marks and other non-alphanumeric characters found on a
standard keyboard, plus several "control codes" that denote
invisible characters like the carriage return and tab. ASCII is also
sometimes known as TTY, denoting its legacy in the teletype industry.
ASCII value: The number, variously expressed in
decimal, octal or hexadecimal notation, that defines a combination of
eight bits -- seven bits that define a character and an eighth that can
be used for a rudimentary form of error correction known as "parity
checking."
ASCII table: A table that lists the ASCII value
for any character, in decimal, octal or hexadecimal notation, sometimes
in all three.
avatar (pronounced AV-uh-tar): A word adopted by
computer users to denote the digital manifestation that humans take on
when entering virtual worlds. The word is Sanskirt for the earthly
incarnation a god takes on Earth. Vishnu, the Hindu god responsible for
maintaining the existence of the universe, has 10 important avatars,
including Krishna, the philosopher king, and Varaha, the boar who
rescues the planet after it is inundated by the oceans. The 10th avatar
of Vishnu, Kalki, will arrive in the future to destroy the world with
fire and begin a new age of purity on the planet.
AVI: A video compression standard developed for
use with Microsoft Windows. Video clips on the World Wide Web are
usually available in both AVI and QuickTime formats.
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bandwidth: The amount of information that can
be transmitted over a network connection. Data travel over bandwidth in
bits-per-second. A full page of English text is about 16,000 bits. A
fast modem can move about 28,800 bits per second.
baud: (pronounced BAWD) A unit commonly used to
describe the speed of modems. The baud rate technically is the number of
times a modem signal changes per second. In the old days of 300 baud
modems, each signal change represented one bit of information.
Therefore, the baud and transfer rates of a modem - measured in bits per
second, or bps - were the same. Modern modems transfer up to 12 bits of
information for every signal change. A 28.8 modem is actually is working
at 2400 baud, but each signal change carries 12 bits of information.
Therefore the data transfer rate is 28,800 bits per second. Over the
years, baud and bits per second have been used interchangeably, although
that is technically wrong.
BBS: Bulletin Board System. A dial-up and/or
internet accessible computer service which allows users to post and retrieve
messages and files. BBSs often serve specific interests or
geographical areas. Some BBSs are connected and provide access to the
Internet. By example, BBS Central is a dial-up BBS at (310) 657-5775
which uses the Excalibur client software which is available free from excalbbs.com
on the WWW.
bit: An abbreviation for "binary digit."
Usually represented as either a 0 or a 1 -- connoting off and on,
respectively -- bits are the basic language of computers. A group of
eight bits forms a byte.
BITNET: Because It's Time or Because It's There
NETwork. An international computer network devoted to research and
education. BITNET is connected to the Internet and e-mail is freely
exchanged between the systems.
Boolean: A query strategy for searching databases.
Boolean searches use connectors such as "and" or
"or" to expand or narrow a search. For example, to retrieve
information about cats and dogs, searchers type in the word
"and" to insure they receive information about both groups.
browser: Software that looks at various types of
Internet resources, also called a WWW client. The most common browsers
are those like Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer that can access
and view HTML documents. Browsers can search for documents and obtain
them from other sources.
bps: Bits Per Second. See baud.
BTW: By The Way. An acronym frequently used in
e-mail messages.
byte: (pronounced BITE) A group of eight bits.
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CDI (Compu Dynamics International): An industry
leader in network information systems, system design implementation and
integration, technology education and training, information systems
maintenance and support services; as well as a personal computer sales
and service center.
Cello: A WWW client (browser) for Windows.
CERN: (pronounced SURN) The Web was created in
1991 at CERN, a particle physics laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland.
Chimera: A WWW client (browser) for UNIX-based
computing systems.
Client: A software program that interacts with
server computers to access information on that server.
com: A domain name suffix denoting commercial
entities such as corporations and companies. By example, vividdetails.com
is the domain name for Vivid Details, a company providing royalty-free
photographs on CD's.
Cookies: Cookies are data entries
sent from a web server to a special file on your computer. Click here for more information.
Cyberspace: The whole universe of information
that's available from computer networks. A fanciful term coined by
William Gibson in the novel "Neuromancer" to describe the sum
total of computer-accessible information in the world.
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Dial-up Connection: The connection from your
computer to a host Internet computer over the phone lines, in which all
operations you perform are actually performed on the host computer.
Recent developments by advanced communications companies such as Excalibur
Communications, with it's client/server BBS/Internet software,
has implemented the concept of the client side containing images and
fonts that are used by the host to display on the client monitor. This,
and other advances, greatly increases the speed of interchange between
the two computers with highly advanced graphics whether connected via a
dial-up connection to a telephone number or a "dial-up" of the
host IP address through the Internet.
Digerati: A digital version of
"literati"--the hip, knowledgeable elite at the vanguard of
the digital revolution.
Direct Connection: A connection in which your
computer becomes an actual computer on the Internet, or is directly
connected to the Internet with no host computer intermediary. Requires
an IP address.
DNS (Domain Name Server): Software that converts
host names to IP addresses, which is what is actually used to contact a
computer. You can think of DNS as a "phone book" that allows
you to look up a number for a given name.
Document: Any file that can be transferred to or
from a WWW server and a WWW client.
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edu: A domain name suffix denoting educational
institutions. By example, Sam Houston State University, (Huntsville,
TX), has the domain name shsu.edu.
e-mail: Electronic mail. Messages sent from one
person to another via computer networks. A way to personally communicate
with others over the Internet or within a network.
emoticon: (pronounced ee-MOE-ti-con) Shortened
form of "emotion icons." Sideways "smiley-face"
symbols created with ASCII characters to express emotions and physical
characteristics. Emoticons, also known as smilies, are often used in
e-mail messages and newsgroup postings. :-) :- (
The characters : - ) form an emoticon which means
"what I've just said was meant in fun." Other examples of
emoticons include: 8-) (a happy person with glasses), B-)~ (a happy
person with horn-rimmed glasses who is drooling), B*)~ (a happy drooling
person with horn-rimmed glasses who has just been to a bar), :-@ (a
screaming person), (%-@ a screaming person who has been staring a
computer screen for 15 hours), etc.
Eudora: A popular e-mail manager developed by
Qualcomm Inc. of San Diego.
Ethernet: A common way of networking computers in
a local area network or LAN (such as the same building or floor).
External Viewer: Software that presents graphics,
audio or movies on the WWW externally to the client program: Also called
a "helper application."
e-zine: Electronic magazine distributed over the
Internet--sometimes called a zine.
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FAQ: (Frequently Asked
Questions) Documents that answer commonly asked questions on a
particular subject: is a major source of Internet knowledge. You should
always read the FAQ first to avoid repeating questions answered there.
Fetch: Name of a very convenient FTP application
for Macintosh.
finger: A software tool for finding people on the
Internet. Originally a UNIX command, now available to Netscape by
courtesy of Finger "gateways".
flame: An online insult usually delivered by way
of e-mail or a newsgroup posting. Flame exchanges often develop into
long-running flame wars, which can then degenerate in holy wars.
FTP: File Transfer Protocol. The standard rules
that govern the transfer of files and programs over the Internet. FTP
allows files to be moved from one computer to another regardless of the
types of computers or operating systems involved in the exchange.
FTP is also used as the general name for the programs which employ File
Transfer Protocol to move files.
FYI: For Your Information. An acronym frequently
used in e-mail messages. FYI was originally used in newspaper offices to
identify information whose purpose was to educate the editors and
journalists rather than exchanged for the purpose of publication.
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GIF, gif (pronounced GIFF -- as in "gift" --
or JIFF): Graphics Interchange Format. Developed by CompuServe,
GIF is a widely-used method of compressing image files such as
photographs and graphics. Image files typically take up large amounts of
computer memory and hard drive space and take long periods of time to
download. Various groups have come up with ways of alleviating some of
these problems by compressing the image data into smaller files. JPEG is
a competing image-compression format. GIF can also refer to an
image compressed with Graphics Interchange Format and usually identified
by the file name extension of .gif.
Gopher: A menu-based system used in organizing and
retrieving files and programs on the Internet. Gopher allows access to
files found on FTP servers, as well as to files normally accessed
through Telnet, Archie or WAIS programs. Each Gopher server has its own
unique menu of files and programs. Gopher servers and menus can be
accessed through Gopher programs and some World Wide Web browsers.
gov (pronounced GUV) : A domain name suffix
denoting government. In Internet addresses, gov denotes non-military
government sites such as whitehouse.gov.
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hacker: A person who breaks into a computer
network and tampers with the system without authorization.
hexadecimal (pronounced hex-uh-DES-I-mull):
Numbers expressed in base sixteen. Integers larger than 9 are expressed
as sequential letters A through F. In hexadecimal, the number ten is
written A. The number sixteen is expressed as 10 - that is, one sixteen
and no ones, just as 10 in the standard decimal system represents one
ten and no ones. Why would anyone want to express numbers in base
sixteen? Because that's how many bits there are in a 16-bit word, so
using hexadecimal allowed programmers to denote a specific bit in any
word as a single digit, 0 through F. Back in the days of eight-bit
machines, programmers used octal, or base eight, numbers.
home page: A World Wide Web document. Home page
often refers to a person or organization's main Web page, the first page
displayed on a browser when you arrive at a particular internet address
(URL), which provides links to other pages within the person or
organization's Web site.
holy war: An endless debate often carried on over
newsgroup message threads. Such debates usually center on fundamental
issues of faith for which there is no chance of resolution. For example:
Can the starship Enterprise go faster than warp 10? Yes it can. No it
can't. Yes it can, ... and so on.
hotlist: A feature on most WWW browsers that
maintains a list of frequently accessed home pages; also refers to a
personal list of suggested home pages of a particular subject, usually
published on that person's, or organizations home page.
html: Hypertext Markup Language. The coding
language of the World Wide Web that tells browsers how to display a
document's text, hyperlinks, graphics and attached media: commonly
called hypertext.
http: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The set of
rules that govern the transfer of most documents traveling over the Web.
It's also the beginning of URL addresses on the World Wide Web. For
example the Compu Dynamics URL is http://www.compudynamics.com
hyperlink: a reference in an HTML document that
leads to a separate document or media file and allows the reader to
follow non-linear information trails through HTML documents.
hypermedia: The incorporation of multiple media in
one document using hyperlinks.
hypertext: Text that links one document to
another. It is usually of a different color than the rest of the text on
the page and/or underlined. In graphic browsers, the mouse pointer may
convert to a hand with the a finger pointing when passing over
hypertext. When accessed by Netscape Navigator, this page has it's hypertext
underlined and in blue.
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Image Map: A feature on the WWW that enables a
user to click different portions of a graphic image to link to different
HTML documents.
Internet: The international network of networks
that uses standard computer formats to allow information exchange. The
Internet came into being between the late 1970s and early 1980s with the
development and adoption of TCP/IP. TCP/IP allowed ARPAnet to join with
other networks. Although often thought of as synonymous with the
World Wide Web, the Internet encompasses much more than just Web servers
and hypertext documents. The Internet includes all of the computers that
are linked to it on its various networks and all of the systems used to
exchange information between those computers, including Gopher, Telnet,
FTP and WAIS as well as the various Internet browsers such as Netscape
Navigator and Internet Explorer, to name the two most popular.
Internet Explorer: The WWW browser developed by
Microsoft Corp. for use with Windows95 and is currently available free
from microsoft.com
on the WWW.
Internet Service Provider (ISP): A company or
organization that provides connections to the Internet, usually for a
monthly or hourly fee. By example, LA Internet and PacificNet
are two of the many internet service providers for Southern California
and ViaSub
provides internet service for the Inland Empire from Riverside, CA.
IP Address: Internet Protocol address. Every
machine on the Internet has a unique IP address which consists of four
parts separated by dots. (For example: 204.146.46.8) If a machine does
not have an IP address, it's not officially on the Internet. An IP
address may also contain a port number, separated from the host address
by a colon. Also, it's very common for multiple domain names to point to
a single IP address.
IRC: (Internet Relay Chat) A multi-user chat
program. Around the world, many IRC servers are linked to each other.
Anyone using these servers can create a "channel," an area for
text messages that can be viewed by users with access to that channel.
ISDN: (Integrated Services Digital Network) A
network that moves more data faster over phone lines. ISDN is quickly
becoming available in most of the U.S. It can move data at speeds of up
to
128,000 bits-per-second.
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Java: A computer language that allows users to
add animation, moving text and interactive games to a Web site. Designed
by Sun Microsystems, Java works on a variety of computer systems such as
Windows, Macintosh and Unix. Netscape Navigator incorporated Java into
version 2.0 of its Web browser.
JPEG: jpeg, jpg: (pronounced JAY-peg): A
standardized method of compressing image files created by the Joint
Photographic Experts Group. JPEG images are widely used on the World
Wide Web. However, some Web browsers do not support the format, and
therefore will not display JPEG images. JPEG can also refer to
images compressed with the JPEG format and can be identified by the file
name extension .jpg or .jpeg.
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killer app: A highly successful, popular and
much-acclaimed computer application.
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LAN (pronounced LAN -- as in "land"):
Local Area Network. A computer network that's located in a concentrated
area like a building or floor.
link: In the WWW context, short for
"hypertext link," meaning a path a user may follow that
connects one part of a document to another part of the same document, a
different document or some other resource.
Login: An ID or name used to access a computer
system.
Lynx: A text-based WWW browser for UNIX and DOS.
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MacTCP: The most common TCP/IP stack used on
Macintosh computers.
MacWeb: A WWW browser for Macintosh computers.
mailing list: A subject-specific automated e-mail
system that's also known as a listproc, listserve or majordomo. Users
subscribe to it and via e-mail they receive information about the
subject of the list and postings about the topic from other list
subscribers.
mail server: A computer whose primary function is
e-mail management for a group of subscribers.
mil (pronounced MILL) : A domain name suffix
denoting an abbreviation for military. In Internet addresses, mil
indicates a site belonging to a military branch or organization. By
example, usmc.mil
would be the United States Marine Corp.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions): A
set of agreed-upon formats enabling binary files to be sent as e-mail or
attached to e-mail. "MIME types" have come to mean hypermedia
formats in general, even when not communicated by e-mail.
mirror site: A subsidiary FTP site that has the
same content as the main site it reflects. Used to take the load off
sites so popular that they are frequently inaccessible because of
congestion.
modem (pronounced MOE-dim): Shortened form of
"modulator- demodulator." A device that allows computers to
communicate with each other via telephone lines, cellular signals or
television cables. To send information from one computer to another, a
modem converts digital signals from a computer into analog signals that
can be sent over telephone lines. On the receiving end, the modem
converts the analog signals back into digital ones that can be
understood by the computer.
Mosaic: A graphical WWW browser developed by the
National Center for Supercomputing Applications: versions have been
developed for Windows, Macintosh and XWindow computing systems.
MPEG, mpeg, mpg (pronounced EM-peg): A standard
for compressing video images developed by the Motion Picture Experts
Group. Video clips on the World Wide Web are sometimes available in MPEG
format; however, video clips are more often found in AVI and QuickTime
formats.
MUD (pronounced like the word "mud"):
Multi-User Dungeon. An online role-playing game similar to Dungeons and
Dragons. Normally text-based, Multi-User Dungeons allow numerous people
play and interact in the same game scenario at the same time.
multimedia: The incorporation of many different
types of media, such as text, graphics, audio and video, into one resource.
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net: An abbreviation for "network."
In Internet addresses, net indicates a computer network service.
When capitalized, Net is used as a slang term for the Internet.
Netscape Navigator: The current most popular Web
browser that is widely used because of its speed and easy interface. It
can be downloaded from netscape.com on the WWW. Netscape Navigator
is a trademark of Netscape Communications Corp.
netiquette (pronounced NET-i-ket or -kit):
Internet etiquette. The unofficial standards that govern behavior on the
Internet. The rules of netiquette are sometimes obscure and are usually
learned only
through experience.
network: A hardware/software system that allows
two or more computers to be connected so they share resources.
newbie (pronounced NEW-be): A new Internet user.
As used by more experienced Internet users, newbie usually carries
derogatory connotations. Newbies are often faulted for not knowing
netiquette.
newsgroup: A broad grouping of online discussion
groups. Most newsgroups are distributed through USENET.
newsreader: Software whose function is to interact
with USENET newsgroups, providing services such as subscription,
display, follow-up, print, download and so on, such as Free Agent.
Newsreader functions are also being incorporated into the recent versions
of many browsers.
Network Information Discovery and Retrieval (NIDR) Tools:
A collection of Internet tools, including FTP, Gopher, WAIS and WWW,
that allow for the publishing of information over the Internet.
Nuntius: A popular Macintosh newsreader for USENET
newsgroups.
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org (pronounced ORG): A domain name suffix
denoting an abbreviation for organization. Internet sites which don't
fall into any other category are given the domain name of org. Org
usually indicates that the site belongs to a non-profit,
non-governmental organization. For example, the Buchanan for President
organization is not a government organization and has the domain name of
buchanan.org
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Page: On the WWW, a single HTML file.
PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol. A protocol that
allows a computer to use a telephone line and modem to connect directly
to the Internet. It's an alternative to a SLIP connection and is
generally more stable.
protocol: The first part of a URL that references
the type of Internet tool to be accessed by the URL, (i.e., ftp, gopher
or http)
proxy: Device used to access the Internet around a
"fire wall" put up to ensure security in a large system.
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QuickTime: A video compression standard
developed by Apple, but now also available for Dos/Windows. The
QuickTime standard is one of the most popular formats for video clips on
the World Wide Web.
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search engine: A mechanism for finding
documents on the Internet. For example, WAIS, Yahoo and Alta Vista are
search engines.
server: A computer system that manages and
delivers information to users. One server can have several different
software programs running on it. The server half of a client/server
pair: the computer that handles the primary data management tasks on behalf
of its clients.
shareware: Computer programs identified by the
marketing method of allowing users to try them out, usually for a
specific period of time, and if they wish to continue using them, they
should register with the author and pay the requested minimal fee,
usually ranging from $5 to $50, depending on the complexity of the
program. On the Internet, shareware.com is one of the most popular
sites for finding shareware programs. Shareware programs are not to be
confused with freeware.
signature file: A footer added to the bottom of
e-mail messages.
SLIP (pronounced SLIP): Serial Line Internet
Protocol: A protocol that allows a computer to use a telephone line and
modem to connect to the Internet. It's an alternative to a PPP
connection.
Source document: In the WWW, the raw file that an
HTML author creates, as distinct from a Web page, which is a
representation of a source document in hypertext.
Spam: The act of spewing out large numbers of
electronic messages via e-mail or newsgroups to people who don't want to
receive them. Spamming is considered a gross breach of netiquette. The
term is believed to be derived from a Monty Python skit in which the
word "Spam" is repeated over and over again. Its relation to
Spam, the much-maligned pork luncheon meat, is uncertain.
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TCP/IP: Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
(working) Protocol. A standard set of rules which allows computers on
different networks to communicate with one another. The Internet came
into being with the development and adoption of TCP/IP.
Telnet: The Internet protocol which allows a
computer at one location to connect with and act as a terminal of a
computer at a different location. Unlike FTP which involves the transfer
of files between computers, Telnet involves primarily the transfer of
commands from the terminal emulator to the host computer and responses
to those commands from the host to the terminal. Telnet also
refers to the terminal emulation programs which utilize Telnet protocol.
T-1: A phone line connection that can transfer
data at 1.5 million bits-per-second. It is frequently used to connect
LANs to the Internet.
T-3: A phone line connection that can carry data
at 45 million bits-per-second. It is frequently used to connect LANs to
the Internet.
tn3270: A Telnet program and protocol used to log
in to IBM mainframe computers.
twitch games: Action games requiring
lightening-quick reaction times, dexterity and caveman intelligence.
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UNIX: A computer operating system that is
designed to be used by many people at the same time. UNIX is the most
widely-used operating system for servers on the Internet.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): This is the
protocol for identifying documents on the Web: the "address"
of a specific WWW document. It comes in three parts; the service, the
domain, and the page. The service part ("http", for example),
tells what type of service is to be contacted. The domain part (which is
internally translated to a machine address by DNS) tells what machine to
talk to. Finally, the page part tells what page to fetch from that
particular server. All Web addresses have a URL. For example, Compu
Dynamics is http://www.compudynamics.com.
USENET (pronounced USE-net): A world-wide system
of thousands of discussion areas, called newsgroups, with comments from
hundreds of thousands of users. Most Usenet machines are on the Internet
and are accessible through the major Internet services as well as the
direct ISP's using newsgroup browsers like Free Agent from Forte.
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Veronica: (Very Easy Rodent Oriented Net-wide
Index to Computerized Archives) A frequently updated database with the
names of almost every menu item on the thousands of Gopher servers.
VMPEG (pronounced VEE EM-peg): An application for
playing MPEG video files.
VRML: (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) is a
computer language that allows users to create three-dimensional
programs. In a VRML application a user can click on any object to travel
to another part of the program or to visit another Web page.
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WAIS (pronounced WAYS): Wide Area Information
Service. A search engine that indexes large quantities of information
and makes the indexes searchable. Allows users to look up information in
databases and libraries.
WAV (pronounced WAVE): An audio file format,
usually identified by the file name extension .wav.
Web: short for the World Wide Web or WWW.
Web browser: A program used to navigate and access
information on the World Wide Web. Web browsers convert raw html coding
into a graphical display. Some browsers are also able to navigate Gopher
sites, connect with FTP servers and display different types of image
files. Popular Web browsers include Netscape Navigator,
Microsoft
Internet Explorer and Mosaic.
Web master, webmaster: The person in charge of
maintaining the content found on a Web site, or of keeping the site up
and running.
Web server: A server computer equipped to offer
WWW access to its clients.
Web site: A collection of World Wide Web pages,
usually consisting of a home page and several other linked pages.
Web spider: A type of keyword search software.
Webzine: A magazine on the World Wide Web. See
zines and e-zines.
word: A group of bits, used to designate various
information within a computer. An 8-bit word is called a byte.
World Wide Web: A system of finding and accessing
Internet files and programs utilizing hypertext. The World Wide Web
allows users to navigate the Internet by following links from documents
on one computer to documents on others. The Web employs html, allowing
files to be viewed in a graphical format. The World Wide Web was
developed by CERN in the early 1990s and has quickly become one of the
most popular Internet applications.
WWW: See World Wide Web.
WWW Robot: A program that automatically moves
through the hyperlinks on the WWW and compiles a database of available
URLs; also called WWW spider.
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zine: Short for magazine. An online magazine.
Generally, zines have a narrower focus, a stronger personality and a
lower circulation than traditional magazines.
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